"The Effects of Special Education on the Academic Performance of Students with Learning Disabilities," co-authored by Daniel Patrick Moynihan Chair in Public Affairs Amy Ellen Schwartz, was published in the Journal of Policy Analysis and Management. In the 40‐plus years since the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act, special education has grown in the number of students and amount spent on services. Despite this growth, academic performance of students with disabilities remains troublingly low compared to general education students. The authors looked at students with specific learning disabilities (LDs), using rich New York City public school data and found that academic outcomes improve for LDs following classification into special education and impacts are largest for those entering special education in earlier grades. 01/22/21